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š¹Ā Ā Ā Ā (Ā±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride is a fatty acid metabolite that breaks down fatty acids into energy that can be used by the body. (Ā±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride also serves as a specific and easily detectableĀ biomarkerĀ for rat skeletal muscle toxicity. In type 2Ā diabetes, hexanoylcarnitine is also significantly associated with and improves prediction of all-cause mortality. Hexanoylcarnitine is aĀ biomarkerĀ for the identification of novel pathogenic pathways.
š¹Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 2-Hydroxybutyric acid (Ī±-hydroxybutyric acid) is converted from 2-aminobutyric acid, with 2-oxobutyric acid as an intermediate metabolite. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a potentialĀ biomarkerĀ for type 2Ā diabetesĀ and preeclampsia. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid prevents the acetaminophen (AP)-induced liver injury.
š¹Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā CMPF can be found in trace constituents of urine and blood. CMPF is aĀ biomarkerĀ of type 2Ā diabetes. CMPF can act on the Ī² cell and induce impaired mitochondrial function. CMPF decreases glucose-induced ATP accumulation and induces oxidative stress. CMPF reverses hepatic lipid accumulation and improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice.
š¹Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Glycochenodeoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide is a type of steroid glucuronide and a plasma metabolite that can be used in the research ofĀ biomarkersĀ forĀ diabetesĀ and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
š¹Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Pentosidine is an advanced glycation end product (AGE) and cross-linked substance with fluorescent properties. Pentosidine is present in various human tissues and can serve as aĀ biomarkerĀ forĀ diabetes, aging, uremia, protein accumulation damage, and non-enzymatic modification of long-lived proteins in the Maillard reaction.
š¹Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 3-Deoxyglucosone (3-Deoxy-D-glucosone) is a reactiveĀ intermediateĀ of the Maillard reaction and the polyol pathway. 3-Deoxyglucosone rapidly reacts with protein amino groups to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs), such as imidazolone; it is the most specific AGE for 3-DG. 3-Deoxyglucosone synergizes with low glucose to potentiateĀ GLP-1Ā secretion and is considered aĀ biomarkerĀ forĀ diabetes.
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